http://www.populate.net/ Articles at Populate.NET en-us http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-measles.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-measles.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 01:03:08 -0700
Measles is spread through breathing (contact with flowing from an infected person's nose and mouth, either openly or through aerosol transmission), and is extremely contagious 90% of people without immunity sharing a home with an contaminated person will catch it. There are two types of measles, each caused by a different virus. Although both produce a rash and fever. The rubeola virus causes red measles. Although most people recover without problems, rubeola can lead to pneumonia or inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). The rubella virus causes German measles. This is usually a milder disease than red measles.

However, this virus can reason significant birth defects if an infected pregnant woman passes the virus to her unborn child. Symptoms of the measles appear 9 to 11 days after the infection begins, and last up to 14 days. The condition is most infectious after the first symptoms have appeared, and before the rash has developed. Other symptoms of measles include a fever for at least three days, the three Cs cough, coryza (runny nose) and conjunctivitis (red eyes). There is no treatment for measles, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it. Symptoms may be alleviating with bed rest, acetaminophen and humidified air.

Several children may require supplementation with vitamin A. Vitamin A decrease the risk of death and complications in children in less developed countries. People who are lacking in vitamin A are more possible to get infections, including measles. Ribavirin, an anti-viral medicine, may be helpful in severe cases or when a child's immune system is weakened. However, this medicine has not been fully evaluated and is not FDA-approved for this use. Prevention is better than cure. Use a cool-mist vaporizer to relieve cough and to soothe breathing passages. Avoid hot-water or steam vaporizers that can cause accidental burns and scalds in children. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/detailed-information-on-necrotizing-enterocolitis.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/detailed-information-on-necrotizing-enterocolitis.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 01:00:51 -0700
The consequence of necrotizing enterocolitis is not clear. It is believed to occur when the immune and digestive systems do not grow properly. This can happen when a baby is born prematurely or when there are complications during pregnancy or delivery. Bacteria in the intestine may also be a result. In the most severe cases, necrotizing enterocolitis can be fatal. Necrotizing Enterocolitis is equally affected both male and female. Babies with too many red blood cells in the circulation are at an increased risk of developing NEC. This thickens the blood and makes oxygen transport more difficult.

Babies with gastrointestinal infections are at an increased risk of developing NEC. Babies who have had a difficult delivery or lowered oxygen levels are at an enlarged risk for developing NEC. A baby's symptoms depend on how severe the condition is. The primary symptoms vary and may involve feeding intolerance, abdominal distension, bloody stools, apnea, lethargy, temperature instability or hypoperfusion. In newborns who have mild to moderate necrotizing enterocolitis, treatment consists of intravenous (IV) feeding, antibiotics, and removing extra fluids. Intravenous fluids are given to maintain hydration.

About 70% of newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis do not require surgery. If the intestine perforates, then surgery is needed. Surgery may also be required if the condition progressively worsens despite treatment. Pharmacologic therapy includes agents to treat the developing disease and those to provide supportive and symptomatic relief. Different antibiotic regimens can be used; one frequently used regimen includes vancomycin, cefotaxime, and clindamycin or metronidazole. This combination provides broad gram-positive coverage, excellent gram-negative coverage (with the exception of pseudomonads), and anaerobic coverage. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-mastocytosis.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-mastocytosis.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:58:13 -0700
Mast cells attract other key players of the immune defense system to areas of your body where they are needed by releasing chemical “alarms” such as histamine and cytokines. The most common form of mastocytosis is when mast cells accumulate on the skin, causing reddish brown spots or bumps. In rare cases, mastocytosis can affect other parts of the body, such as the stomach, the intestines and the bone marrow. There are two types of mastocytosis: cutaneous (skin) and systemic. There are different types of cutaneous and systemic forms. The most common cutaneous form is called urticaria pigmentosa.

Urticaria pigmentosa happens when mast cells get into the skin. The symptoms of mastocytosis can be likely to the symptoms of several other health problems. Symptoms of mastocytosis involve red and itchy rash, hives, rash that looks like freckles, or a lump on your skin. Symptoms of mastocytosis in the stomach and intestine are: diarrhea and stomach pain. Other symptoms of mastocytosis include abdominal cramping, bone pain, abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting, ulcers, diarrhea, skin lesions, and episodes of hypotension or shock. In some people, the extra mast cells cause a serious reaction, similar to a bad allergy reaction.

Their blood pressure may suddenly drop to a low level, causing them to faint. Mastocytosis is not serious, and does not require any treatment in most cases. Antidepressants are an important and often overlooked tool in the treatment of mastocytosis. Some antidepressants such as doxepin are themselves potent antihistamines and can help relieve physical as well as cognitive symptoms. Antihistamines frequently treat itching and other skin complaints. Ultraviolet light and corticosteroid creams applied to the skin may be used to treat the skin symptoms of mastocytosis. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-marfan-syndrome.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-marfan-syndrome.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:53:26 -0700
Marfan syndrome affects all of these structures. It only happens to about 1 in every 5,000 people. People with Marfan syndrome have loose tendons and ligaments, less elasticity in the aorta, and longer arms and legs. In the Marfan syndrome, the walls of the major arteries are weakened. The aorta, the main artery that leaves the heart, often is affected. When this occurs, it gets bigger, which can weaken the inner aortic wall. Under strenuous exertion, the aorta wall can tear. Blood can leak through these tears into the aortic wall, separating its layers a process called aortic dissection.

Another problem that may occur if the aortic wall weakens is that an aneurysm may form. Marfan syndrome can be mild to harsh, and the symptoms can vary. People with Marfan syndrome are frequently very tall, thin and loose jointed. Most people with Marfan syndrome have heart and blood vessel problems, such as a weakness in the aorta or heart valves that leak. They may also have problems with their bones, eyes, skin, nervous system and lungs. Different people may need different types of treatment. Some people may not require treatment, but others may need drugs that lower heart rate, blood pressure or both.

If dural ectasia (swelling of the covering of the spinal cord) develops, medication may help minimize any associated pain. Anticoagulant medications such as warfarin are needed after artificial heart-valve placement. Genetic counseling and specialized clinics are available at many academic medical centers for affected persons and family members. Annual evaluations are important to detect any changes in the spine or sternum. This is particularly important in times of rapid growth, such as adolescence. A serious deformity can not only be disfiguring but can also prevent the heart and lungs from functioning properly. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-malaria.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-malaria.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:49:17 -0700
Only Anopheles mosquitoes can spread malaria and they must have been contaminated through an earlier blood meal taken on a contaminated being. When a mosquito bites an infected person, a little amount of blood is taken in which contains microscopic malaria parasites. About 1 week later, when the mosquito takes its next blood meal, these parasites mix with the mosquito's saliva and are injected into the person being bitten. Because the malaria parasite is found in red blood cells of an infected person, malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or the shared employ of needles or syringes contaminated with blood.

Symptoms of malaria comprise fever, headache, and vomiting. Malaria may reason anemia and jaundice (fair coloring of the skin and eyes) because of the loss of red blood cells. Malaria is not extending from person to person like a cold or the flu, and it cannot be sexually transmitted. You cannot get malaria from casual contact with malaria-infected people, such as sitting next to someone who has malaria. Treatment of malaria involves supportive measures as well as exact anti malarial drugs. Anti-malarial drugs can be prescribed to people traveling to areas where malaria is prevalent.

The types of anti-malarial medications prescribed will rely on the drug-resistance patterns in the areas to be visited. Chloroquine is an often used anti-malarial medication, but quinidine or quinine, or the amalgamation of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, are given for chloroquine-resistant infections. People on anti-malarial medications may still become infected. Prevention is better than cure. Avoid mosquito bites by wearing protective clothing over the arms and legs and using screens on windows. Use of mosquito nets and insect repellents can decrease the chance of getting infected. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-malakoplakia.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-malakoplakia.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:46:27 -0700
Malakoplakia is thought to effect from the inadequate killing of bacteria by macrophages. Therefore, the moderately digested bacteria accumulate in macrophages and leads to a deposition of iron and calcium. The impairment of bactericidal activity manifests itself as the formation of an ulcer, plaque or papule. It most frequently occurs in the genitourinary tract; however, remote cases have been reported in many other organs, including colon, stomach, lung, liver, bone, uterus, and skin. Malakoplakia is related with patients with a history of immunosuppression due to lymphoma, diabetes mellitus and renal transplantation.

Antibiotics are accustomed for treatment of malakoplakia. Antimicrobials directed against gram-negative bacteria, especially E coli, are used to treat patients with malakoplakia. Quinolone antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) and sulfonamides (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) are signifying. Bethanechol and ascorbic acid have also been used in the treatment of patients with malakoplakia. Malakoplakia has been reported in patients receiving chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation, as well as various immune deficient states. Therapy with antibiotics that concentrate in macrophages is associated with a high cure rate.

Antibiotic therapy regulate against E coli in combination with surgery provides the best option of cure. Ascorbic acid has been used to increase the cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in monocytes, which may represent an effective strategy for therapy. Surgery combined with antibiotic therapy should be directed against E coli. Vitamins with the ability to induce collagen fibril synthesis are used. Immunosuppressive drug therapy is usually needed to effectively treat malakoplakia. Prevention is better than cure. Immunosuppressive agents should be used with caution in patients with a prior history of malakoplakia. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/detailed-information-on-maffucci-syndrome.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/detailed-information-on-maffucci-syndrome.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:43:07 -0700
The enchondromas involve the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical. Disfigurations of the extremities are a consequence. Pathological fractures can occur in affected metaphyses and diaphses of the long bones and are common (26%). The risk for sarcomatous degeneration of enchondromas, hemangiomas, or lymphangiomas is 15-30%.Superficial and deep venous malformations frequently protrude as soft nodules or tumors usually on the distal extremities, but they can appear anywhere. Maffucci syndrome appears to be sporadically inherited. Maffucci syndrome has three main types of symptoms. Venous malformation may be superficial or deep.

If in the skin they frequently protrude as soft bluish bumps. Benign cartilage tumor may show anywhere in the body, but are most often found on the hands or feet, or long bones of the arms or legs. The enchondroma may reason the bone to weaken and break. Bone deformities may comprise shortened length of the long bones, resulting in imbalanced arm or leg lengths. Bones may also break because they are weak, and when they heal, they may not support well. Treatment is not indicated in asymptomatic patients if there is no evidence of any malignant transformations. Surgical interventions can right or minimize deformities. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/detailed-information-on-nelson-syndrome.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/detailed-information-on-nelson-syndrome.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:38:17 -0700
Symptoms related with Nelson syndrome include intense skin discoloration (hyperpigmentation), headaches, vision impairment, and the cessation of menstrual periods in women. Nelson syndrome is more common in women than men. There is no medical treatment that will help to shrink the microadenoma, but drug therapy may assist in alleviating the symptoms caused by a high ACTH. Bromocriptine, cyproheptadine, and caloric acid can reduce ACTH secretion but do not return it to normal. Radiotherapy is important in the treatment of patients with Nelson syndrome.

Radiotherapy, preferably with stereotactic radiation, controls tumor growth in the majority of patients with residual tumor growth after surgery. Fractionated external beam radiotherapy or stereotactic radio surgery can be used depending on tumor size and location. Modern techniques with high power linear accelerators cause less radiation scatter and so less collateral damage. Radiotherapy is associated with serious long-term problems, including learning and memory difficulties, visual damage and risk of secondary tumours. It is the best treatment for large tumors that produce acute compression of the optic apparatus and other vital structures.

Trans-sphenoidal surgery gives the lowest risk of injury of the hypothalamus. If removal is incomplete or where there is invasion, adjunctive irradiation decreases the rate of recurrence and helps the prognosis. Treatment using protons rather than photons has improved effectiveness and has affected a cure in some patients in whom surgery has been unsuccessful. Use of a gamma knife to focus the radiotherapy beam offers a further refinement. Long term assessment of pituitary function is required with hormone replacement therapy as required. Blood pressure should also be monitored. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-nephrocalcinosis.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-nephrocalcinosis.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:31:53 -0700
Other causes of Nephrocalcinosis includes rejected renal transplants can give rise to Nephrocalcinosis. Sickle cell disease is a rare cause of nephrocalcinosis. Sickle cell disease is connected to infection. Vitamin B6 deficiency can be related with xanthurenic aciduria that is linked to deficiency of the phosphate dependent enzyme kynureninase. It is a rare cause of ephrocalcinosis. Nephrocalcinosis can be divided into three categories. Chemical nephrocalcinosis: increased concentration of calcium in renal cells, especially the tubular epithelium, causing adverse effects on renal structure and function.

Microscopic nephrocalcinosis: calcium precipitates in crystalline form as oxalate and/or phosphate, but it is only seen with the aid of a microscope. Macroscopic nephrocalcinosis: large areas of calcification can be seen. There are generally no early symptoms. The symptoms associated to nephrocalcinosis may includes urinary hesitancy, dribbling of urinary incontinence, decrease in the force of the urinary stream, stream small and weak, increased urinary frequency or urgency, painful urination (burning or stinging with urination), feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder and blood in the urine.

Other symptoms of nephrocalcinosis involves nausea, vomiting, swelling, fluid retention, seizures, blood in the vomit or stools and easy bruising or bleeding. The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms. Aluminum Hydroxide is used in patients with Struvite or infection. Sodium or potassium citrate can be used. Maintain adequate fluid intake to prevent further calcium deposition, development of renal failure and development of renal stones. Calcium supplements and use of medium chain fats may also help with this condition. Prevention is better than cure. Renal tubular acidosis may help prevent nephrocalcinosis. ]]> http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-nasal-polyposis.html http://www.populate.net/Health/Alternative_Medicine/detailed-information-on-nasal-polyposis.html Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:28:35 -0700
Nasal polyps can vary significantly in size. There may be only one but sometimes several develop like a 'small bunch of grapes' on a stem. Polyps usually affect both nostrils. Nasal polyps can vary greatly in size. There may be only one but sometimes several grow like a 'small bunch of grapes' on a stem. The cause of the inflammation is certain conditions make nose inflammation and polyps more likely. These include: asthma, allergy to aspirin, cystic fibrosis, and some rare conditions of the nose. Nasal polyps can occur along with many other respiratory diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, asthma, and aspirin allergy.

Nasal polyps also occur in a majority of people with Churg-Strauss syndrome, a rare disease that inflames the blood vessels (vasculitis). Nasal polyps occur in around 1 in 200 people. It appears that nasal polyps are more common in people with non-allergic rhinitis and non-allergic asthma, rather than allergic types of these conditions. Nasal polyps can affect anyone. However, most cases occur in people over the age of 40 years. They are four times more common in men than in women. In general, women are more likely to have nasal polyps than are men. Nasal polyps are uncommon in children.

Medications are the most common treatment for nasal polyps. Surgery may be needed to eliminate larger growths. Topical nasal steroid sprays, such as Flonase and Nasonex, can help decrease the size of nasal polyps and prevent polyps from growing back after surgery. Use allergy shots in an attempt to treat or stop nasal polyps from growing back after surgery. Intranasal corticosteroid sprays reduce the growth of small intranasal polyps are most effective in the postoperative period. Prevention is better than cure. Avoid over-the-counter saline sprays that contain additives, such as benzalkonium, which can actually inflame the mucous lining of your nose. ]]>